\begin{thebibliography}{67}
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\bibitem[Andrews et~al.(2004)Andrews, Passino, and Waite]{APW04}
B.~W. Andrews, K.~M. Passino, and T.~A. Waite.
\newblock Foraging theory for decision-making system design: task-type choice.
\newblock In \emph{Proceedings, 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control},
  volume~5, pages 4740--4745, December 2004.

\bibitem[Andrews et~al.(2007)Andrews, Passino, and Waite]{APW06}
B.~W. Andrews, K.~M. Passino, and T.~A. Waite.
\newblock Social foraging theory for robust multiagent system design.
\newblock \emph{IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering},
  4\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 79--86, January 2007.

\bibitem[Arkes and Ayton(1999)]{HA99}
H.~R. Arkes and P.~Ayton.
\newblock The sunk cost and concorde effects: Are humans less rational than
  lower animals?
\newblock \emph{Psychological Bulletin}, 125\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 591--600,
  1999.

\bibitem[Bateson and Kacelnik(1995)]{BK95}
M.~Bateson and A.~Kacelnik.
\newblock Preferences for fixed and variable food sources: Variability in
  amount and delay.
\newblock \emph{Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, 63\penalty0
  (3):\penalty0 313--329, May 1995.

\bibitem[Bateson and Whitehead(1996)]{BW96}
M.~Bateson and S.~C. Whitehead.
\newblock The energetic costs of alternative rate currencies in the foraging
  starling.
\newblock \emph{Ecology}, 77\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 1303--1307, June 1996.

\bibitem[Bawa(1975)]{Bawa75}
V.~S. Bawa.
\newblock Optimal rules for ordering uncertain prospects.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Financial Economics}, 2:\penalty0 95--121, 1975.

\bibitem[Bawa(1978)]{Bawa78}
V.~S. Bawa.
\newblock Safety-first, stochastic dominance, and optimal portfolio choice.
\newblock \emph{The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis},
  13\penalty0 (2):\penalty0 255--271, June 1978.

\bibitem[Bawa(1982)]{Bawa82}
V.~S. Bawa.
\newblock Stochastic dominance: A research bibliography.
\newblock \emph{Management Science}, 28\penalty0 (6):\penalty0 698--712, June
  1982.

\bibitem[Bawa and Lindenberg(1977)]{BL77}
V.~S. Bawa and E.~B. Lindenberg.
\newblock Capital market equilibrium in a mean-lower partial moment framework.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Financial Economics}, 5:\penalty0 189--200, 1977.

\bibitem[Bertsekas(1995)]{Bertsekas95}
D.~P. Bertsekas.
\newblock \emph{Nonlinear Programming}.
\newblock Athena Scientific, Belmont, Mass., 1995.

\bibitem[Caraco(1980)]{Caraco80}
T.~Caraco.
\newblock On foraging time allocation in a stochastic environment.
\newblock \emph{Ecology}, 61\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 119--128, 1980.

\bibitem[Carmel and Ben-Haim(2005)]{CB05}
Y.~Carmel and Y.~Ben-Haim.
\newblock Info-gap robust-satisficing model of foraging behavior: Do foragers
  optimize or satisfice?
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 166\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 633--641,
  November 2005.

\bibitem[Chamberlain(1983)]{Chamberlain83}
G.~Chamberlain.
\newblock A characterization of the distributions that imply mean-variance
  utility functions.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Economic Theory}, 29:\penalty0 185--201, 1983.

\bibitem[Charnov(1976{\natexlab{a}})]{Cha76}
E.~L. Charnov.
\newblock Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem.
\newblock \emph{Theoretical Population Biology}, 9\penalty0 (2):\penalty0
  129--136, April 1976{\natexlab{a}}.

\bibitem[Charnov(1976{\natexlab{b}})]{ChaMantid}
E.~L. Charnov.
\newblock Optimal foraging: Attack strategy of a mantid.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 110\penalty0 (971):\penalty0
  141--151, January--February 1976{\natexlab{b}}.

\bibitem[Charnov and Orians(1973)]{Cha73}
E.~L. Charnov and G.~H. Orians.
\newblock \emph{Optimal foraging: some theoretical explorations}.
\newblock PhD thesis, University of Washington, 1973.

\bibitem[Chunhachindaa et~al.(1997)Chunhachindaa, Dandapanib, Hamidb, and
  Prakash]{CDHP97}
P.~Chunhachindaa, K.~Dandapanib, S.~Hamidb, and A.~J. Prakash.
\newblock Portfolio selection and skewness: Evidence from international stock
  markets.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Banking \& Finance}, 21:\penalty0 143--167, 1997.

\bibitem[Clark and Mangel(2000)]{ClkMngl00}
C.~W. Clark and M.~Mangel.
\newblock \emph{Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology}.
\newblock Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.

\bibitem[Cody(1974)]{Cody74}
M.~L. Cody.
\newblock Optimization in ecology.
\newblock \emph{Science}, 183\penalty0 (4130):\penalty0 1156--1164, March 1974.

\bibitem[Engen and Stenseth(1984)]{ES84}
S.~Engen and N.~C. Stenseth.
\newblock A general version of optimal foraging theory: the effect of
  simultaneous encounters.
\newblock \emph{Theoretical Population Biology}, 26\penalty0 (2):\penalty0
  192--204, 1984.

\bibitem[Gendron and Staddon(1983)]{GS83}
R.~P. Gendron and J.~E.~R. Staddon.
\newblock Searching for cryptic prey: The effect of search rate.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 121\penalty0 (2):\penalty0 172--186,
  February 1983.

\bibitem[Grootveld and Hallerbach(1999)]{GH99}
H.~Grootveld and W.~Hallerbach.
\newblock Variance vs downside risk: Is there really that much difference?
\newblock \emph{European Journal of Operational Research}, 114:\penalty0
  304--319, 1999.

\bibitem[Harder and Real(1987)]{HR87}
L.~D. Harder and L.~A. Real.
\newblock Why are bumble bees risk averse?
\newblock \emph{Ecology}, 68\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 1104--1108, 1987.

\bibitem[Houston and McNamara(1999)]{HouMc99}
A.~I. Houston and J.~M. McNamara.
\newblock \emph{Models of Adaptive Behavior}.
\newblock Cambridge Univ.~Press, Cambridge, 1999.

\bibitem[Hughes(1979)]{Hughes79}
R.~N. Hughes.
\newblock Optimal diets under the energy maximization premise: The effects of
  recognition time and learning.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 113\penalty0 (2):\penalty0 209--221,
  February 1979.

\bibitem[Hutchinson and Gigerenzer(2005)]{HG05}
J.~M.~C. Hutchinson and G.~Gigerenzer.
\newblock Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: Where psychologists and
  behavioural biologists might meet.
\newblock \emph{Behavioural Processes}, 69:\penalty0 97--124, 2005.

\bibitem[Iwasa et~al.(1981)Iwasa, Higashi, and Yamamura]{IHY81}
Y.~Iwasa, M.~Higashi, and N.~Yamamura.
\newblock Prey distribution as a factor determining the choice of optimal
  foraging strategy.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 117\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 710--723,
  May 1981.

\bibitem[Johns and Miller(1963)]{JohnsMiller63}
M.~V. Johns and R.~G. Miller, Jr.
\newblock Average renewal loss rates.
\newblock \emph{The Annals of Mathematical Statistics}, 34\penalty0
  (2):\penalty0 396--401, June 1963.

\bibitem[Kane(1982)]{Kane82}
A.~Kane.
\newblock Skewness preference and portfolio choice.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis}, 17\penalty0
  (1):\penalty0 15--25, March 1982.

\bibitem[Konno et~al.(1993)Konno, Shirakawa, and Yamazaki]{KSY93}
H.~Konno, H.~Shirakawa, and H.~Yamazaki.
\newblock A mean-absolute deviation-skewness portfolio optimization model.
\newblock \emph{Annals of Operations Research}, 45\penalty0 (1):\penalty0
  205--220, December 1993.

\bibitem[Lai(1991)]{Lai91}
T.-Y. Lai.
\newblock Portfolio selection with skewness: A multiple-objective approach.
\newblock \emph{Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting}, 1\penalty0
  (3):\penalty0 293--305, July 1991.

\bibitem[Lee and Rao(1988)]{LR88}
W.~Y. Lee and R.~K.~S. Rao.
\newblock Mean lower partial moment valuation and lognormally distributed
  returns.
\newblock \emph{Management Science}, 34\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 446--453, April
  1988.

\bibitem[Lintner(1965)]{Lintner65}
J.~Lintner.
\newblock The valuation of risk assets and the selection of risky investments
  in stock portfolios and capital budgets.
\newblock \emph{The Review of Economics and Statistics}, 47\penalty0
  (1):\penalty0 13--37, February 1965.

\bibitem[Mangel and Clark(1988)]{MnglClk88}
M.~Mangel and C.~W. Clark.
\newblock \emph{Dynamic Modeling in Behavioral Ecology}.
\newblock Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1988.

\bibitem[Mao(1970)]{Mao70}
J.~C.~T. Mao.
\newblock Models of capital budgeting, {E}-{V} vs {E}-{S}.
\newblock \emph{The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis}, 4\penalty0
  (5):\penalty0 657--675, January 1970.

\bibitem[Markowitz(1952)]{Markowitz52}
H.~Markowitz.
\newblock Portfolio selection.
\newblock \emph{The Journal of Finance}, 7\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 77--91, March
  1952.

\bibitem[Markowitz(1959)]{Markowitz59}
H.~M. Markowitz.
\newblock \emph{Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments}.
\newblock Wiley, New York, 1959.

\bibitem[Marschak(1946)]{Marschak46}
J.~Marschak.
\newblock {N}eumann's and {M}orgenstern's new approach to static economics.
\newblock \emph{The Journal of Political Economy}, 54\penalty0 (2):\penalty0
  97--115, April 1946.

\bibitem[McNamara(1983)]{McNamara83}
J.~M. McNamara.
\newblock Optimal control of the diffusion coefficient of a simple diffusion
  process.
\newblock \emph{Mathematics of Operations Research}, 8\penalty0 (3):\penalty0
  373--380, August 1983.

\bibitem[Meyer(1987)]{Meyer87}
J.~Meyer.
\newblock Two-moment decision models and expected utility maximization.
\newblock \emph{The American Economic Review}, 77\penalty0 (3):\penalty0
  421--430, June 1987.

\bibitem[Mossin(1966)]{Mossin66}
J.~Mossin.
\newblock Equilibrium in a capital asset market.
\newblock \emph{Econometrica}, 34\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 768--783, October
  1966.

\bibitem[Murdoch(1969)]{Murdoch69}
W.~W. Murdoch.
\newblock Switching in general predators: Experiments on predator specificity
  and stability of prey populations.
\newblock \emph{Ecological Monographs}, 39\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 335--354,
  Autumn 1969.

\bibitem[Nonacs(2001)]{Nonacs01}
P.~Nonacs.
\newblock State dependent behavior and the marginal value theorem.
\newblock \emph{Behavioral Ecology}, 12\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 71--83, January
  2001.

\bibitem[Owen and Rabinovitch(1983)]{OR83}
J.~Owen and R.~Rabinovitch.
\newblock On the class of elliptical distributions and their applications to
  the theory of portfolio choice.
\newblock \emph{The Journal of Finance}, 38\penalty0 (3):\penalty0 745--752,
  June 1983.

\bibitem[Papoulis and Pillai(2002)]{PapoulisPillai02}
A.~Papoulis and S.~U. Pillai.
\newblock \emph{Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes}.
\newblock McGraw-Hill, New York, fourth edition, 2002.

\bibitem[Pavlic and Passino()]{PP06}
T.~P. Pavlic and K.~M. Passino.
\newblock Foraging theory for mobile agent speed choice.
\newblock \emph{Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence}.
\newblock Submitted.

\bibitem[Pulliam(1974)]{Pulliam74}
H.~R. Pulliam.
\newblock On the theory of optimal diets.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 108\penalty0 (959):\penalty0 59--74,
  January--February 1974.

\bibitem[Pulliam(1975)]{Pulliam75}
H.~R. Pulliam.
\newblock Diet optimization with nutrient constraints.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 109\penalty0 (970):\penalty0
  765--768, November--December 1975.

\bibitem[Pyke et~al.(1977)Pyke, Pulliam, and Charnov]{PPC77}
G.~H. Pyke, H.~R. Pulliam, and E.~L. Charnov.
\newblock Optimal foraging: A selective review of theory and tests.
\newblock \emph{The Quarterly Review of Biology}, 52\penalty0 (2):\penalty0
  137--154, 1977.

\bibitem[Quijano et~al.()Quijano, Andrews, and Passino]{QAP06}
N.~Quijano, B.~W. Andrews, and K.~M. Passino.
\newblock Foraging theory for multizone temperature control.
\newblock \emph{IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine}.
\newblock To appear.

\bibitem[Rapport(1971)]{Rapport71}
D.~J. Rapport.
\newblock An optimization model of food selection.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 105\penalty0 (946):\penalty0
  575--587, November--December 1971.

\bibitem[Real(1980)]{Real80}
L.~A. Real.
\newblock Fitness, uncertainty, and the role of diversification in evolution
  and behavior.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 115\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 623--638,
  May 1980.

\bibitem[Rom and Ferguson(1994)]{RF94}
B.~M. Rom and K.~W. Ferguson.
\newblock Post-modern portfolio theory comes of age.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Investing}, pages 11--17, Fall 1994.

\bibitem[Rothschild and Stiglitz(1970)]{RS70}
M.~Rothschild and J.~E. Stiglitz.
\newblock Increasing risk: 1. {A} definition.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Economic Theory}, 2:\penalty0 225--243, September
  1970.

\bibitem[Schoener(1971)]{Schoener71}
T.~W. Schoener.
\newblock Theory of feeding strategies.
\newblock \emph{Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, 2:\penalty0
  369--404, 1971.

\bibitem[Sharpe(1964)]{Sharpe64}
W.~F. Sharpe.
\newblock Capital asset prices: A theory of market equilibrium under conditions
  of risk.
\newblock \emph{The Journal of Finance}, 19\penalty0 (3):\penalty0 425--442,
  September 1964.

\bibitem[Sharpe(1966)]{Sharpe66}
W.~F. Sharpe.
\newblock Mutual fund performance.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Business}, 39\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 119--138,
  January 1966.

\bibitem[Sharpe(1994)]{Sharpe94}
W.~F. Sharpe.
\newblock The sharpe ratio.
\newblock \emph{Journal of Portfolio Management}, 21\penalty0 (1):\penalty0
  49--58, Fall 1994.

\bibitem[Stephens and Charnov(1982)]{SC82}
D.~W. Stephens and E.~L. Charnov.
\newblock Optimal foraging: Some simple stochastic models.
\newblock \emph{Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, 10:\penalty0 251--263,
  1982.

\bibitem[Stephens and Krebs(1986)]{SK86}
D.~W. Stephens and J.~R. Krebs.
\newblock \emph{Foraging Theory}.
\newblock Princeton Univ.~Press, Princeton, NJ, 1986.

\bibitem[Templeton and Lawlor(1981)]{TL81}
A.~R. Templeton and L.~R. Lawlor.
\newblock The fallacy of the averages in ecological optimization theory.
\newblock \emph{The American Naturalist}, 117\penalty0 (3):\penalty0 390--393,
  March 1981.

\bibitem[Tobin(1958)]{Tobin58}
J.~Tobin.
\newblock Liquidity preference as behavior towards risk.
\newblock \emph{The Review of Economic Studies}, 25\penalty0 (2):\penalty0
  65--86, February 1958.

\bibitem[Tsiang(1972)]{Tsiang72}
S.~C. Tsiang.
\newblock The rationale of the mean-standard deviation analysis, skewness
  preference, and the demand for money.
\newblock \emph{The American Economic Review}, 62\penalty0 (3):\penalty0
  354--371, June 1972.

\bibitem[Viniotis(1998)]{Viniotis98}
Y.~Viniotis.
\newblock \emph{Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering}.
\newblock McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.

\bibitem[von Neumann and Morgenstern(1944)]{VNM44}
J.~von Neumann and O.~Morgenstern.
\newblock \emph{Theory of Games and Economic Behavior}.
\newblock Princeton University Press, 1944.

\bibitem[Wajnberg et~al.(2006)Wajnberg, Bernhard, Hamelin, and
  Boivin]{WaBeHaBo06}
E.~Wajnberg, P.~Bernhard, F.~Hamelin, and G.~Boivin.
\newblock Optimal patch time allocation for time-limited foragers.
\newblock \emph{Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, 60:\penalty0 1--10, 2006.

\bibitem[Werner and Hall(1974)]{WH74}
E.~E. Werner and D.~J. Hall.
\newblock Optimal foraging and the size selection of prey by the bluegill
  sunfish ({\it \MakeUppercase{l}epomis macrochirus}).
\newblock \emph{Ecology}, 55\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 1042--1052, 1974.

\end{thebibliography}